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F 'Benefits of using an agent were obvious('Consolidated orders, claims and invoices Single cheque / payment point / currency Single contact point for customer service Bibliographic services Financial management services Value-added services e.g. consolidation, online service, annual catalogue F 0$Versus going it alonelNo  fringe benefits Multiple payments / cheques Multiple currencies Multiple sources Altogether t.b.d. Agent s service-charge widely recognised as minimal compared to costs of DIYJiNiL,)W %And for the publisher?Consolidated and timely payments, orders and claims Electronic payment Automated renewals Simplified communication Efficient price-tracking & payments Agents services might or might not be rewarded by a discount from the publisher...:US 1980s: The age of choiceBlackwell s Dawson Swets & Zeitlinger Bumpus, Haldane & Maxwell Bailey s Ebsco Faxon Universal Stobart Martinus Nijhoff Harrassowitz Everetts (roughly in order of UK market share circa 1984).11  :'The electronic age brought: Consortia / publisher-direct negotiation Big deals DDP / new pricing models Aggregation Fragmentation and plurality of access routes Licensing issues Leasing rather than acquisition Negotiation rather than fixed-price All contributed to changing the traditional model022( Resulting in:  Disappearance of smaller suppliers Emergence of new types of intermediary e.g. ingenta Gateway services e.g. SwetsWise, EJS Remaining subscription agents asked to do more for less Higher staffing costs in libraries? Higher costs for traditional subscription services?   ,O ,Subscription agents in 2003:Slimmer pickings-, Swets Blackwell Ebsco Everetts ( as of this month) Harrassowitz Karger Prenax, Infocandy, Instant Library Um& & that s about it really.,o Z  3 Consortia Started in the 1990s; in the UK there are 6 regional academic consortia and others such as CHILL, BRISC and NHS - acting on behalf of groups of libraries HEFCE/JISC/NESLI: negotiating nationally for electronic content Consortia are attractive to publishers wanting to unbundle and negotiate separate terms for electronic content ( Disintermediation ) Consortia are attractive to libraries because they think they will get more and better for less. It ain t necessarily so& .,  6~,"Consortia - cause & effect...On paper an obvious development, but: Depressed agents margins through cut-throat competition & aided demise of smaller players, minimising choice Agents felt and feel compelled to do more for less - not ad infinitum STM  cash-cow titles increasingly publisher-direct Original terms for subscription supply unsustainable Libraries will have to pay more for current levels of service  Cost-plus (off-the-peg) pricing, depending on services required? JISC: Top-slicing: centralised purchasing process?F'2, K * Agents - now and futureCurrently  halfway-house - struggling to employ high-quality staff and remain solvent on gross margin in single % figures Need to further develop  integrator role by increasing expertise and services in key fields To an extent dependent on publishers goodwill and cooperation It s what libraries want (I think) - but will they pay for it? 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